Art Is a Force for Political and Cultural Revolution Jennifer Rabin
| Hua Guofeng | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 华国锋 | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Hua Guofeng during a visit to the Hôtel de Ville in Paris, 1979 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chairman of the Communist Party of Cathay | |||||||||||||||||||||
| In office vii Oct 1976 – 28 June 1981 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | Ye Jianying | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Mao Zedong | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Hu Yaobang | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chairman of the Fundamental Military machine Commission | |||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 7 October 1976 – 28 June 1981 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded past | Mao Zedong | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Deng Xiaoping | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd Premier of the People's Commonwealth of China | |||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 4 Feb 1976 – 10 September 1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| President | post abolished Soong Ching-ling Ye Jianying (de jure caput of state) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice Premier | Deng Xiaoping | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded past | Zhou Enlai | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Zhao Ziyang | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Commencement Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party | |||||||||||||||||||||
| In role vi April 1976 – 6 October 1976 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chairman | Mao Zedong | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Zhou Enlai | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded past | Ye Jianying | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party | |||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 28 June 1981 – 12 September 1982 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chairman | Hu Yaobang | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Built-in | Su Zhu (1921-02-16)16 Feb 1921 Jiaocheng County, Shanxi, Republic of Communist china | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 20 August 2008(2008-08-20) (aged 87) Beijing, People'due south Republic of Communist china | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Chinese Communist Political party (1938–2002) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse(s) | Han Zhijun (m. 1949) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | four | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 华国锋 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 華國鋒 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Su Zhu | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 苏铸 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 蘇鑄 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Central institution membership
Other offices held
the People's Republic of China
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Hua Guofeng (; built-in Su Zhu; 16 February 1921 – xx Baronial 2008),[one] alternatively spelled as Hua Kuo-feng, was a Chinese pol who served equally Chairman of the Chinese Communist Political party and Premier of the People's Republic of China. The designated successor of Mao Zedong, Hua held the tiptop offices of the regime, political party, and the military after the deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai, only was gradually forced out of supreme power past a coalition of political party leaders between Dec 1978 and June 1981, and subsequently retreated from the political limelight, though still remaining a member of the Central Committee until 2002.
Born and raised in Jiaocheng, Shanxi, Hua was educated at the Jiaocheng County Commercial Schoolhouse and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1938, seeing activeness in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Ceremonious War as a guerrilla fighter.[2] In 1948, as the Communists gained the upper hand in the civil war, Hua was one among 50,000 party officials transferred from Due north to South China to take command of newly conquered territories and was assigned to Hunan, condign Political party Secretarial assistant of Xiangtan, which included Mao's birthplace of Shaoshan. A popular local administrator, Hua rose to become Party Secretarial assistant of Hunan during the Cultural Revolution, and was elevated to the national stage in the early 1970s, notably assuming control of the Ministry building of Public Security in 1973. After the decease of Zhou Enlai, Mao elevated Hua to the position of Premier of the State Council, overseeing regime work, and of Kickoff Vice Chairman of the Communist Political party, which fabricated him Mao's designated successor.
On 6 October 1976, presently later the death of Mao on ix September, Hua removed the Gang of Four from political power by arranging for their arrests in Zhongnanhai, with the help of Mao'southward loyal security chief Wang Dongxing, who became 1 of Hua'south strongest supporters, along with Vice Premier and chief economical planner Li Xiannian and Luo Qingchang, head of the intelligence services. Afterwards Hua took on the titles of Party Chairman and Chairman of the Key Military Commission, existence thus far the but leader to have simultaneously held the offices of party leader, premier and CMC chairman.[2]
Hua reversed some of the Cultural Revolution-era policies, such equally the constant ideological campaigns, but he was fully devoted to a centrally planned economy and the continuation of the Maoist line. Betwixt December 1978 and June 1981, a group of party veterans led by Deng Xiaoping, forced Hua from his position of paramount leader but allowed him to retain some titles. Hua gradually faded into political obscurity, just connected to insist on the correctness of Maoist principles.[ii]
Early life [edit]
Born in Jiaocheng, Shanxi, the fourth son of a family originally from Fan County, Henan, Hua lost his father at the age of seven.[2] He studied at the Jiaocheng Canton Commercial Schoolhouse and joined the CCP in 1938, during the Second Sino–Japanese War.[three] Like many Communists of the era who took on revolutionary names, he inverse his proper name to Huá Guófēng as an abbreviation of " 中華抗日救國先鋒隊 " ( Zhōnghuá kàngrì jiùguó xiānfēng duì ; 'Chinese Anti-Japanese Aggression National Salvation Vanguard'). Afterward having served as a soldier in the 8th Route Regular army for 12 years under the command of Align Zhu De,[3] he was appointed propaganda primary for the Jiaocheng County Party Committee in 1947, during the Chinese Civil War.
Hua moved with the victorious PLA to Hunan in 1948, where he married Han Zhijun, and would remain in that province until 1971. He was appointed Political party Secretary for Xiangyin Canton in August 1949, just before the establishment of the People'southward Republic of China in Oct of that yr. In 1952, he was appointed secretarial assistant of Xiangtan Special Commune, which included Mao's hometown, Shaoshan. In this role, he built a memorial hall dedicated to Mao. When Mao visited the site, in June 1959, he was favorably impressed.[four] Mao Zedong first met Hua in 1955, and Mao was evidently favourably impressed past his simplicity.[5]
Considering the Governor of Hunan, General Cheng Qian, was not a communist (he belonged to the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, a left-wing nationalist faction of the KMT that collaborated with the CCP), Hua gradually came to exercise more and more power within the province, being named Vice Governor in 1958.[2]
Hua participated in the 1959 Lushan Conference (an enlarged plenary session of the CCP Key Commission) as a member of the Hunan Provincial Party delegation, and wrote 2 investigative reports fully defending all of Mao'south policies. Hua'south influence increased with the Cultural Revolution, as he supported it and led the movement in Hunan. He organized the grooming for the institution of the local Revolutionary Committee in 1967, of which he was a Deputy Chairman. In December 1970, he was elected Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee as well every bit First Secretary of the CCP Hunan Commission.
He was elected a full member of the 9th Central Committee in 1969.[ii]
At the center of ability [edit]
Hua was called to Beijing to directly Zhou Enlai's State Quango staff part in 1971, only simply stayed for a few months earlier returning to his previous post in Hunan.[4] Later that year, he was appointed every bit the most inferior of the seven-member commission investigating the Lin Biao Affair, a sign of the potent trust Mao had in him. Hua was re-elected as a full member of the 10th Central Commission in 1973 and elevated to membership in the Politburo; in the same twelvemonth, he was put in charge of agronomical development past Zhou Enlai.
In 1973, Mao named Hua Minister of Public Security and Vice Premier, thus giving him command of police and security forces. Hua's ascension influence was confirmed by his existence chosen to evangelize a speech communication on modernizing agronomics in October of that year, which echoed the views of Zhou Enlai.[6]
Zhou Enlai died on viii January 1976, at a fourth dimension when Deng Xiaoping'due south reformist alliance was not notwithstanding strong enough to stand up to both the ailing Mao Zedong and his Cultural Revolution allies, the Gang of 4 (Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen, and Yao Wenyuan). A week after reading the late premier's eulogy, Deng left Beijing along with several close allies for the relative rubber of Guangzhou.[7]
Although Mao Zedong had reportedly wanted to appoint Zhang Chunqiao equally Zhou Enlai'southward successor, he concluded up naming Hua as acting Premier. At the same time, the media controlled by the Gang of Four began denouncing Deng once once again (he had been purged during the Cultural Revolution, and was merely returned to power in 1973). Popular affection for Zhou was underestimated, however, leading to the Tiananmen Incident, a confrontation between the radicals' militia allies and Beijing citizens seeking to honour Zhou during the traditional Qingming festival. At the same time, Hua delivered speeches on the "official line for criticizing Deng Xiaoping", which were approved by Mao and the Party Fundamental Commission.
During the Tiananmen Incident of 1976, thousands of people protested at the militia's removal of wreaths honoring Zhou in front of the Monument to the People's Heroes. Vehicles were burned, offices ransacked and there were reports of many injuries and deaths.[viii] In the aftermath, Deng Xiaoping was blamed for inciting the protests and stripped of all his political party and government posts, though his party membership was retained at Mao'south behest. Before long thereafter, Hua was elevated to Beginning Vice Chairman of the CCP Central Committee and Premier of the State Council.
Following the Tangshan Earthquake in July, Hua visited the devastated area and helped direct relief efforts.
Removing the Gang of Four [edit]
Mao died on nine September 1976 and Hua, as both the number two-man of the CCP and Premier, led the national commemorations in Beijing in his honor in the days that followed, and was the keynote speaker during the national memorial observance in the capital'south Tiananmen Square. At the fourth dimension, the highest power organ of the country, the Politburo Standing Commission, consisted of Hua, Ye Jianying, Zhang Chunqiao, and Wang Hongwen; Ye was in semi-retirement, and Zhang and Wang were function of the Gang of Four. Hua knew that in the post-Mao power vacuum, his position vis-a-vis the Gang of Four's would be a zero-sum game. That is, if the Gang of Iv were not removed through use of force, the Gang might attempt to oust him pre-emptively.[9] Hua made contact with Ye days after Mao's death to discuss plans about the Gang of 4. Ye had grown disillusioned with the Gang before Mao's death, so he and Hua came to a quick agreement to human activity confronting the Gang.
Hua crucially enjoyed the support of Mao'south loyal security principal, Wang Dongxing, who had control of the elite 8341 Special Regiment, too as other leading figures on the Politburo, including Vice Premier Li Xiannian and General Chen Xilian, Commander of the Beijing Military machine Region, as well equally Luo Qingchang, principal of the intelligence services.[9] [2] The group discussed ways to remove the Gang, including holding a Politburo or Central Commission meeting to oust them through established party process, but the idea was shot down considering the Key Committee was, at the time, composed of many of the Gang'southward supporters. Eventually, the grouping decided to use forcefulness.
The members of the Gang were arrested on half-dozen October, soon after midnight.[10] Hua had summoned Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen, and Yao Wenyuan to a meeting at Zhongnanhai, ostensibly to talk over the 5th volume of Mao's "Selected Works". They were arrested while walking into the meeting at Huairen Hall. According to Hua's own recollection of events, he and Marshal Ye Jianying were the but 2 leaders present at the "meeting", awaiting the arrival of the members of the Gang. Upon the arrest of each of the three, Hua personally appear to them the reasons for their detention. Hua said that they had engaged in "anti-political party and anti-socialist" acts and "conspired to usurp power". Jiang Qing and Mao Yuanxin were arrested at their respective residences.[11] A task force led past Geng Biao occupied the headquarters of the party'southward main propaganda organs, which were considered a role of the Gang's turf at the time. Another group was dispatched to stabilize Shanghai, the Gang's main regional power base. At a Politburo meeting the side by side day, Hua Guofeng causeless the posts of Chairman of the CCP Cardinal Commission and the Central Military Commission while in concurrent capacity as Premier of the State Council,[10] becoming thus commander in chief of the People'south Liberation Army.
Political party Chairman and Premier [edit]
In 1978, the classroom of a kindergarten in Shanghai in which is displayed portraits of then-Chairman Hua Guofeng and onetime Chairman Mao Zedong
During his relatively curt flow in ability, from Oct 1976 to Dec 1978, Hua was credited for quickly ousting the Gang of Iv from political power and thus became the leader whose emergence marked the end of the Cultural Revolution. The jubilation following the incarceration of the Gang of Four and the popularity of the new ruling triumvirate (Hua Guofeng, Marshal Ye Jianying, and chief economic planner Li Xiannian) were succeeded past calls for the restoration to power of Deng Xiaoping and the elimination of Gang influence throughout the political arrangement.[12] Hua's economic and political programs involved the restoration of Soviet-style industrial planning and party control similar to that followed by China before the Bully Leap Forward. However, this model was rejected by supporters of Deng Xiaoping, who argued for a more market-based economic organisation.
This statement was decisively resolved in Deng's favor in Dec 1978, which is mostly taken as the starting time of the era of Chinese economic reform. Hua also attempted reforming land protocol as a method of elevating his prestige. In 1978 all party meetings were to hang portraits of Mao and Hua side-past-side, including at the National People's Congress and CCP Party Congress meetings. All schools were required to hang Hua'due south pic side by side to Mao's. Hua too inverse the Chinese national anthem to comprise Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party, switching the tone from existence war-rallying to purely Communist ideology. These lyrics were eventually rejected. Hua Guofeng connected to use the terminology of the Cultural Revolution, merely he criticized certain aspects of it, including the education reform, the revolutionary committees' activity and other excesses, blaming the Gang of Four. State media referred to him every bit "the wise leader".
In February 1978, the political party met to approve a new state constitution, which Hua was heavily involved in drafting. This document, which attempted to restore some rule of law and planning mechanisms from the Red china's original 1956 constitution, nevertheless contained references to continuous revolution and proletarian internationalism; information technology was replaced only four years after with a different constitution. Hua and other party left-wingers such every bit Li Xiannian also drafted an ambitious x-year economic plan which sought to create a Soviet-style economic system based around heavy manufacture and free energy, but information technology was rapidly scrapped in favor of a cheaper and more than doable five-year program which prioritized calorie-free manufacture and consumer goods.
In October 1979, Hua went on a European tour, the first of its kind for a Chinese leader after 1949. He traveled to W Frg and French republic. On 28 October Hua visited the Britain and met with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The two engaged in friendly talks and discussed the hereafter of Hong Kong, which was a British Overseas Territory at the fourth dimension.
Chairman Hua visited Derby's British Track Railway Technical Centre to discover the evolution of the Advanced Rider Railroad train.[13] His visit coincided with the donation of the Chinese Government Railways Steam Locomotive four-8-4 KF Class No vii to the National Railway Museum in York.[14] Chairman Hua as well went to a subcontract in Oxfordshire and visited Oxford University.[15]
Hua Guofeng with Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi during a country visit in Iran, 1978[16]
Hua was ane of the last foreigners to visit Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, before he was overthrown in 1979.[17]
At the CCP tertiary Plenary Session of the 11th Fundamental Committee, after which Deng Xiaoping became the de facto leader of China as his thought for economical reform was adopted by the Political party, Hua Guofeng was implicitly criticized for serving concurrently as Chairman of the Key Committee, Chairman of the Cardinal Military Commission and Premier of the State Quango. This was reverted betwixt 1980 and 1981, as the three posts were assigned to three people, but this arrangement was re-established by Jiang Zemin as he became "paramount leader" of China (serving however as General Secretarial assistant rather than Party Chairman).
Country visits [edit]
| Country | Engagement | Host |
|---|---|---|
 Democratic people's republic of korea | 12 May 1978 | Kim Il-sung |
 Romania | 16 August 1978 | Nicolae Ceaușescu |
 Yugoslavia | 21 August 1978 | Josip Broz Tito |
 Islamic republic of iran | 29 August 1978 | Mohammad Reza Pahlavi |
 France | 15 October 1979 | Valéry Giscard d'Estaing |
 West Germany | 21 October 1979 | Helmut Schmidt |
 United Kingdom | 28 Oct 1979 | Margaret Thatcher |
 Italy | iii November 1979 | Francesco Cossiga |
 Japan | 27 May 1980 | Masayoshi Ōhira |
Ousting and death [edit]
Tomb of Hua Guofeng at Jiaocheng County
As Deng Xiaoping gradually gained command of the CCP, Hua was denounced for promoting the Two Whatevers policy. Equally early equally Jan 1979, country media had stopped referring to him equally "the wise leader" and he was replaced every bit Premier by Zhao Ziyang in 1980, was replaced as Party Chairman by Hu Yaobang and was replaced equally chairman of the Central Military Commission by Deng himself in 1981. Hua gave self-criticism sessions and he somewhen renounced the Two Whatevers policy equally a fault. Both Zhao and Hu were protégés of Deng who were dedicated to Chinese economical reform. Hua Guofeng was demoted to the position of junior Vice Chairman; and when this post was abolished in 1982, he continued to serve as an ordinary member of the Central Commission, a position which he held until the 16th Political party Congress of November 2002, despite having passed the mandatory retirement age of seventy in 1991.
Later on Hua's downfall in 1980–81, the political party's official verdict was that he had washed skilful work by removing the Gang of Four, just afterward, he committed "serious errors".
The ousting of Hua was significant in at to the lowest degree two respects. Kickoff, information technology demonstrated the unimportance of official titles in the Chinese Communist Political party during the tardily 1970s and early 1980s. Despite existence the official leader of the party, the state, and the ground forces, Hua was unable to defeat a leadership claiming by Deng Xiaoping. Secondly, Hua's ousting reflected a change of policies which were initiated by Deng Xiaoping co-ordinate to which disgraced party members would merely exist stripped of their positions, they would not be jailed or physically harmed.
In early 2002, Hua officially lost his seat on the Central Committee of the CCP. It was reported that he voluntarily retired for age and health reasons, but the party did non officially confirm this.[18] He was, even so, invited to the 17th Party Congress in 2007 every bit a special consul and he appeared at a ceremony which was held in December 2007 in order to commemorate the 115th ceremony of Mao Zedong'southward birth.[19]
Despite his memory of formal party positions, Hua distanced himself from active participation in politics. His chief hobby was grape cultivation, and he kept up with current affairs by subscribing to a host of newspapers. Hua's health deteriorated in 2008, and he was hospitalized for kidney and heart complications.[twenty] He died in Beijing on twenty August 2008.[21] A cause of decease was non given, and because his expiry occurred during the festive Beijing Olympics, it was non given much attending by country media: merely a xxx-2d broadcast on the national news program Xinwen Lianbo [ citation needed ] and a brusk paragraph on the corner of the front folio of the People's Daily.[22]
His funeral, which was held at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery on thirty August, was attended by Full general Secretary Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao, and the entire Politburo Standing Committee, likewise as erstwhile leaders Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji.[23]
Family [edit]
Hua married Han Zhijun in January 1949. They had four children, all of whom are surnamed "Su" (苏), in accord with Hua'southward birth name. Their offset son, Su Hua, is a retired Air Force officer. Their 2nd son, Su Bin, is a retired army officer. Their older daughter, Su Ling, is a party and union official at the Civil Aviation Administration of Mainland china. Their younger daughter, Su Li, works for the State Council.
See as well [edit]
- Politics of the People's Commonwealth of Prc
- History of the People's Republic of China (1976–89)
- History of Communist Party of China
References [edit]
- ^ Contour of Hua Guofeng
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad Ye Yonglie, 邓小平改变中国——1978：中国命运大转折 (Deng Xiaoping Changed China-1978: China's Destiny Turned, pp. 108-141, Sichuan People's Publishing House, 2008
- ^ a b Palmowski, January: "Hua Guofeng" in A Dictionary of Contemporary Globe History. Oxford Academy Press, 2004.
- ^ a b Wang, James C.F., Contemporary Chinese Politics: An Introduction (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey: 1980), p. 36.
- ^ Li, Xiaobing; Tian, Xiansheng (21 Nov 2013). Evolution of Power: China's Struggle, Survival, and Success. Lexington Books. p. 67. ISBN978-0-7391-8498-1.
- ^ Wang, James C.F., Contemporary Chinese Politics: An Introduction (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey: 1980), p. 37.
- ^ Hollingworth, Clare, Mao and the Men Against Him (Jonathan Cape, London: 1985), p. 291ff
- ^ Hollingworth, Clare, Mao and the Men Against Him (Jonathan Cape, London: 1985), pp. 297–298
- ^ a b 华国锋口述：怀仁堂事变真实经过. Duowei. 3 November 2016.
- ^ a b Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (1990), China Without Mao: the Search for a New Gild, Oxford University Press, p. 18, ISBN0-19536-303-5
- ^ Hsin, Chi. The Example of the Gang of Four. Revised ed. Hong Kong: Cosmo, 1978. Print.
- ^ "Post-Mao Menses, 1976-78". ibiblio.org. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ "Chairman Hua Officially Visits the UK". Hua Guofeng Memorial Website. 28 Oct 1979. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ "Chinese Government Railways Steam Locomotive 4-eight-iv KF Class No 7". National Railway Museum. 10 Apr 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^ "1979: Chairman Hua arrives in London". BBC News. 28 October 1979. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ 华主席抵德黑兰进行正式友好访问 巴列维国王举行盛大宴会热烈欢迎. People's Daily (in Chinese (Communist china)). xxx Baronial 1978. p. ane.
- ^ Wright, Robin (17 November 2004). "Iran'south New Alliance With China Could Toll U.S. Leverage". The Washington Post . Retrieved four May 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan Daily Times Commodity". Daily Times . Retrieved 10 Feb 2005.
- ^ 十七大之后拜访华国锋 [Visiting Hua Guofeng later on the 17th Congress]. Sohu . Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^ 简单的晚年生活 华国锋远离政治的日子 [A elementary late life: Hua Guofeng'due south days away from politics]. Red china News Weekly (in Chinese (China)). 21 September 2008.
- ^ Keith Bradsher and William J. Wellman, "Hua Guofeng, 87, Who Led Mainland china After Mao, Dies", The New York Times, 20 Baronial 2008.
- ^ 华国锋在京病逝 曾经担任党和国家重要领导职务. Sohu via Xinhua. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ 华国锋同志遗体在京火化 胡锦涛等到革命公墓送别. People'southward Daily. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
External links [edit]
- Official biography of Hua Guofeng (in Chinese), Xinhua News Agency 31 Baronial 2008
- Hua Guofeng Archive at the Marxist Internet Archive.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng
0 Response to "Art Is a Force for Political and Cultural Revolution Jennifer Rabin"
Post a Comment